PHP中的Traits详解

正文开始

转自:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002970128

原文:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-traits/


PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:

<?php
    trait Drive {
        public $carName = 'trait';
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";
        }
    }
    class Person {
        public function eat() {
            echo "eat\n";
        }
    }
    class Student extends Person {
        use Drive;
        public function study() {
            echo "study\n";
        }
    }
    $student = new Student();
    $student->study();
    $student->eat();
    $student->driving();

输出结果如下:

study
eat
driving trait

上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。

如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:

<?php
    trait Drive {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello drive\n";
        }
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving from drive\n";
        }
    }
    class Person {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello person\n";
        }
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving from person\n";
        }
    }
    class Student extends Person {
        use Drive;
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello student\n";
        }
    }
    $student = new Student();
    $student->hello();
    $student->driving();

输出结果如下:

hello student
driving from drive

因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。

如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:

use Trait1, Trait2;

如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。

<?php
trait Trait1 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait1::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait1::hi\n";
    }
}
trait Trait2 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait2::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait2::hi\n";
    }
}
class Class1 {
    use Trait1, Trait2;
}

输出结果如下:

PHP Fatal error:  Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20

使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:

<?php
trait Trait1 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait1::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait1::hi\n";
    }
}
trait Trait2 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait2::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait2::hi\n";
    }
}
class Class1 {
    use Trait1, Trait2 {
        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
    }
}
class Class2 {
    use Trait1, Trait2 {
        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
        Trait2::hi as hei;
        Trait1::hello as hehe;
    }
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello();
$Obj1->hi();
echo "\n";
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello();
$Obj2->hi();
$Obj2->hei();
$Obj2->hehe();

输出结果如下:

Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi

Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello

as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:

<?php
    trait Hello {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello,trait\n";
        }
    }
    class Class1 {
        use Hello {
            hello as protected;
        }
    }
    class Class2 {
        use Hello {
            Hello::hello as private hi;
        }
    }
    $Obj1 = new Class1();
    $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的
    $Obj2 = new Class2();
    $Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的
    $Obj2->hi();  # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的

Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:

<?php
trait Hello {
    public function sayHello() {
        echo "Hello\n";
    }
}
trait World {
    use Hello;
    public function sayWorld() {
        echo "World\n";
    }
    abstract public function getWorld();
    public function inc() {
        static $c = 0;
        $c = $c + 1;
        echo "$c\n";
    }
    public static function doSomething() {
        echo "Doing something\n";
    }
}
class HelloWorld {
    use World;
    public function getWorld() {
        return 'get World';
    }
}
$Obj = new HelloWorld();
$Obj->sayHello();
$Obj->sayWorld();
echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";
HelloWorld::doSomething();
$Obj->inc();
$Obj->inc();

输出结果如下:

Hello
World
get World
Doing something
1
2

正文结束

PHP接口(interface)和抽象类(abstract) php添加 编辑数据简介代码